Seasonal changes in biomass of macrophytes stranded on Yoro Beach along a sargassacean forest in Wakasa Bay,Sea of Japan

ABSTRACT:   Macrophytes stranded on a beach provide food and habitat for many kinds of animals and play important roles in coastal ecosystems. Macrophytes stranded on a sampling beach (56 m long) along a sargassacean forest (400 m long and 88 m wide) were collected every 10 days from late April 2003 to late May 2004. The weight of macrophytes stranded per meter of beach amounted to 1733 g dry wt/m per year. Sargassacean plants were dominant and constituted 72.9% (1263 g dry wt/m per year) of whole stranded macrophytes. Large numbers of macrophytes were stranded just after heavy winter storms and the maximum weight of stranded macrophytes in winter was 407 g dry wt/m. Stranded macrophytes also increased in May to July; the deterioration period of sargassacean species in this region, and the maximum weight in this period was 233 g dry wt/m. The number of sargassacean plants stranded with holdfast increased only in winter. These results suggest that winter storms have an important role in stranding sargassacean plants at Yoro Beach.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in the economic brown seaweed, Hizikia fusiforme (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyta)

Hizikia fusiforme (Harv.) Okamura (brown seaweed) was cultured using aeration with two CO₂ conditions: outdoor air (actual atmospheric CO₂ concentration, averaging 360 μl l^− 1) and CO₂-enriched air (averaging 700 μl l^− 1), to investigate the possible adjustments of elevated atmospheric CO₂ to the growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in this mariculture species. Aeration with CO₂-enriched air reduced the pH in the culture medium in comparison with aeration with air. The mean relative growth rate was enhanced when H. fusiforme was grown at high CO₂ with respect to normal CO₂. There was little change in the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis, dark respiratory rate and apparent photosynthetic efficiency, measured in natural seawater, between thalli grown in high and normal CO₂ contents. However, both the mean nitrate uptake rate and the activity of nitrate reductase at light period were increased following culture at high CO₂, indicating an enhanced nitrogen assimilation of H. fusiforme thalli with the CO₂ enrichment in culture. It was proposed that the intensive cultivation of H. fusiforme would remove nutrients more efficiently with the future elevation of CO₂ levels in seawater, which could be a possible solution to the problem of ongoing coastal eutrophication.     

铜藻多糖水提法工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

[目的]研究铜藻多糖的水提法提取工艺,并研究其抗氧化活性。[方法]采用水提法提取铜藻多糖,研究提取时间、提取温度和料液比等因素对多糖提取率的影响,以多糖得率为指标,通过正交试验优化最佳提取工艺;并对铜藻多糖的1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、超氧阴离子自由基(O-2)的清除能力及抗脂质过氧化能力进行研究。[结果]该多糖水提法提取的最优条件为料液比1∶20g/ml、时间3 h、温度60℃,在此条件下,铜藻多糖的提取率为4.9%;铜藻多糖抗氧化活性随着浓度增加而增强,其超氧阴离子(O-2)和DPPH自由基清除能力、抗脂质过氧化能力分别为48.1%、38.8%、34.2%。[结论]该研究优化了铜藻多糖的提取工艺,提取的活性多糖具有一定抗氧化活性,试验优化的工艺稳定可行,为铜藻多糖的后续研究和开发提供依据。     

马尾藻提取物的制备工艺研究

[目的]研究优化从马尾藻中提取马尾藻粉的工艺。[方法]以马尾藻为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验选择合适的酶制剂、脱色树脂,降解马尾藻中各类大分子物质,提高水溶性成分含量,然后对终产品中的有效成分进行分析和含量测定。[结果]试验表明,复合酶(纤维素酶28.57%、果胶酶42.86%、木瓜蛋白酶28.57%)添加量为5‰,在pH 5.0,50℃下酶解4.0 h,此时酶解液中多糖含量达到23.38%,且通过对6种大孔树脂的脱色试验,选择大孔树脂AB-8为生产用脱色剂,产品脱色效果好,气味愉悦,多糖含量稳定在20%以上。[结论]制成的马尾藻粉不仅改善原海藻的不愉悦气味,同时能做到完全水溶,可结合先进食品加工技术,应用到各类营养保健食品中。     

Dietary Supplementation of Brown Seaweed and/or Nucleotides Improved Shrimp Performance,Health Status and Cold-Tolerant Gene Expression of Juvenile Whiteleg Shrimp during the Winter Season

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Sargassum polycystum and nucleotides- supplemented diets to improve immune response and cold-tolerance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Four treatments were evaluated: T1, the control, shrimp received only a basal diet; T2, a basal diet with 500 ppm nucleotides; T3, a basal diet with 500 ppm S. polycystum powdered; T4, a basal diet with 500 ppm nucleotides and 500 ppm S. polycystum powdered. Shrimp were fed experimental diets for 56 days. Results revealed shrimp fed T4 diet exhibited the best significant improvement in water quality, survival, growth, and feed utilization indices followed by T2, and T3, while T1 showed the worst values. Additionally, nonspecific immune responses (phagocytosis (%), lysozyme, phenoloxidase, super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total nitric oxide) were improved with 1.7–3.2-fold in T4 higher than T1. Histomorphology of hepatopancreas in T4 showed the most increased activation of the hepatic glandular duct system compared with the other treatments. Moreover, nucleotides/seaweed-supplemented diets upregulated relative expression of cMnSOD, Penaeidin4, and heat shock protein70 (HSP70) genes, while translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was downregulated. In conclusion, the synergistic effects of both S. polycystum and nucleotides have many advantages as a growth promoter, immunostimulant, antimicrobial, and cold-tolerant stimulant to L. vannamei.     

Nutritional and Chemical Composition and Antiviral Activity of Cultivated Seaweed Sargassum naozhouense Tseng et Lu

Sargassum naozhouense is a brown seaweed used in folk medicine and applied for thousands of years in Zhanjiang, Guangdong province, China. This study is the first time to investigate its chemical composition and antiviral activity. On the dry weight basis, this seaweed was constituted of ca. 35.18% ash, 11.20% protein, 1.06% lipid and 47.73% total carbohydrate, and the main carbohydrate was water-soluble polysaccharide. The protein analysis indicated the presence of essential amino acids, which accounted for 36.35% of the protein. The most abundant fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0, C18:1 and C20:4. The ash fraction analysis indicated that essential minerals and trace elements, such as Fe, Zn and Cu, were present in the seaweed. IR analysis revealed that polysaccharides from cultivated S. naozhouense may be alginates and fucoidan. The polysaccharides possessed strong antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro with EC₅₀ of 8.92 μg/mL. These results demonstrated cultivated S. naozhouense has a potential for its use in functional foods and antiviral new drugs.     

iTRAQ‐based quantitative proteomic analysis of Sargassum fusiforme in response to high temperature stress

Global warming increases seawater temperature, causing high temperature stress to marine organisms, including algae. This study aimed to explore the global proteomic response of Sargassum fusiforme under high temperature stress. Sargassum fusiforme seedlings were cultured in natural seawater for 24 hr and subjected to different temperatures (22°C, control group; 27°C and 32°C, high temperature stress group) for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Changes in their membrane lipid peroxidation after high temperature stress were investigated. Proteomic changes in the air bladders of S. fusiforme were analysed using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification, along with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analysed using bioinformatics methods. Results showed that high temperature stress destroyed the cell membrane of the air bladders. Further, 28 and 53 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in the 27°C and 32°C treatment groups respectively. These DEPs were mainly involved in glycolysis, single‐organism catabolism, purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolism and carbohydrate catabolism. In addition, DEPs were significantly enriched in 10 pathways, such as glycolytic process, biosynthesis of antibiotics, ribosome, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and biosynthesis of amino acids. Proteomics analyses indicated that proteins associated with synthesis, folding, degradation, photosynthesis and energy and carbohydrate metabolism are differentially expressed under high temperature stress and normal conditions.     

铜藻中无机元素的含量分析与食用安全评价

分别运用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析2018年10—12月采集于浙江、山东和辽宁沿海海域的铜藻样品中5种常量元素、14种微量元素以及16种稀土元素的含量,分析铜藻中As的形态,以阐明铜藻中无机元素的含量及其分布特征和食用安全性。结果显示,5种常量元素中,K的平均含量最高,为6.95×10^4 mg/kg(干质量),其次为Na的平均含量,达3.08×10^4 mg/kg,而P的平均含量最低,仅有0.15×10^4 mg/kg;对14种微量元素分析表明,铜藻含有丰富的Fe(889.12~1164.17 mg/kg)和Sr(1001.76~2010.13 mg/kg);Cd和Pb的含量很低,食用风险较低;铜藻中的砷主要以无机砷酸盐As(Ⅴ)形态存在,占总As含量的70%以上,食用风险较高。铜藻中总稀土元素含量为2.77~6.49 mg/kg,其中轻稀土元素的含量约为重稀土元素的2.0~2.5倍。综上,铜藻含有丰富的无机营养元素和稀土元素,具有较高的营养与医药保健价值。     

马尾藻多酚的提取·分离提纯及抗菌活性检验

[目的]对马尾藻中褐藻多酚进行研究。[方法]采用试验的方法,对广西北海涠洲岛马尾藻中多酚的提取、分离提纯、定性、定量分析以及抗菌的活性检验进行研究,考察不同的乙醇浓度、体积数及提取时间对褐藻多酚提取量的影响。[结果]40ml 65％乙醇提取2h对褐藻多酚的提取有显著影响,测得马尾藻中褐藻多酚的含量为7．777mg／g;当纸片法的褐藻多酚浓度为140．055μg/张时,对沙门氏杆菌抑菌效果明显,大肠杆菌次之,但对枯草芽孢杆菌抑菌效果不明显,对金黄色葡萄球菌不敏感。[结论]乙醇的浓度、体积数和提取时间都会影响马尾藻多酚的提取。     

马尾藻多糖的提取及免疫研究

[目的]研究马尾藻多糖的提取工艺和药理免疫能力。[方法]以广西北海涠洲岛特有的马尾藻为材料,探索马尾藻多糖的最佳提取工艺,并对其进行免疫试验。[结果]结果表明,马尾藻多糖提取的最佳条件为：水浴温度80℃,提取时间10 h,胶体磨处理马尾藻2 min,藻粉∶水=1∶20,提取液的浓缩液体积数∶95%酒精=1.0∶3.0。马尾藻多糖对小鼠免疫的试验表明,多糖剂量为200、400、600 mg/kg.d时,小鼠脾的重量显著增加（P〈0.05） 当多糖剂量为400、600 mg/kg.d时,小鼠腋下淋巴结的重量显著增加（P〈0.05）,对单核巨噬细胞的吞噬功能有显著影响,能明显提高小鼠碳粒廓清速率,提高吞噬指数α（P〈0.05）,并对巨噬细胞增生以及淋巴小结形成有明显作用 当多糖剂量为600 mg/kg.d时,小鼠淋巴结不但产生明显的淋巴小结,而且形成大量巨噬细胞。[结论]该研究结果为马尾藻生理活性物质多糖的更进一步研究提供参考。